CHAPTER TWO 2.0Literature Review3 2.1Materials and Methods4 2.2Description of the Study Area4 2.3Waste Disposal Practices5 2.4Sampling Leachate and Groundwater6 2.5Physico- Hamical Analysis of Leachate and Groundwater6 2.6Microbial Enumeration6

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INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY LEACHATE NEAR STAFF SECONDARY SUBMITTED TO: THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIC WITH ELECTRONIC, SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA, KWARA STATE. IN PARTIA FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN APPLIED PHYSICS. DECEMBER CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project was carried out by ………………….with matriculation Number………….. …………………..and……………., in the Department of Physics with Electronics, The Federal Polytechnic ……, in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma. DEDICATION This project is dedicated to Almighty God, who in his surest mercy gave us the wisdom, knowledge understanding and strength towards the success of this project. ACKNOWLEDGMENT All praises adoration and thanks to Almighty God the most merciful and beneficent for the infinite mercies, protection and wisdom he bestowed on us throughout the period of our project. Our deep gratitude goes to our God fearing and understanding supervisor in person of Mr. ……….. for the moral and academic advices imparted on us during our project work may Almighty God bless you Abundantly. The effort of our H.O.D in person of ………. cannot also be kept out and other lecturers in physics with Electronic Department. TABLE OF CONTENT Title Pagei Certificationii Dedicationiii Acknowledgmentiv Abstractv Table of contentvi CHAPTER ONE 1.0Introduction1 CHAPTER TWO 2.0Literature Review3 2.1Materials and Methods4 2.2Description of the Study Area4 2.3Waste Disposal Practices5 2.4Sampling Leachate and Groundwater6 2.5Physico- Hamical Analysis of Leachate and Groundwater6 2.6Microbial Enumeration6 CHAPTER THREE 3.0Result and Discussion 7 3.1Physico-Chemica Characteristic of Leachate And Groundwater Samplies7 3.2Microbial Analysis of Leachate And Groundwater Samples9 3.3Influence of Distance From Landfill on Groundwater Quality10 3.4Discussion 11 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1Conclusion and Recommendation 15 4.2Recommendation 15 Reference ABSTRACT Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed in leachate and groundwater samples obtained at different locations adjacent to a municipal solid waste landfill in order to assess the impact of leachate percolation on groundwater quality. Total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and Na+ exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) tolerance levels for drinking water in 62.5, 100, and 37.5% of the groundwater samples, respectively with pH and Fe exceeding WHO limits in 75% of the samples. Significant negative correlations of -0.839, -0.590, and -0.590 were shown by Na+, TDS, and EC respectively to distance from landfill. A high population of Enterobacteriaceae ranging from 4.0 × 103 ± 0 to 1.0575 × 106 ± 162,705 CFU/ml was also detected in the groundwater samples, indicating contamination. The results show that the leachate from the landfill has a minimal impact on the groundwater resource and this can be attributed to the existing soil stratigraphy at the site consisting of clay which is deduced to have a significant influence on the natural attenuation of leachate into groundwater. Key words: Groundwater, correlation, percolation, landfill, leachate, municipal solid waste, natural attenuation, Enterobacteriaceae. CHAPTER ONE 1.0INTRODUCTION Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal is a global concern, most especially in developing countries across the world, as poverty, population growth and high urbanization rates combine with ineffectual and underfunded governments to prevent efficient management of wastes (Cointreau, 1982; Doan, 1998). Landfilling is the simplest, cheapest and most cost effective method of disposing of waste in both developed and developing nations of the world (Barrett and Lawlor, 1995). However, in most developed nations there has been a reduction in the number of landfills as well as the amount of MSW landfilled over the years. According to USEPA (2008), the total amount of MSW going to landfills in the United States dropped by about 5 million tons, from 142.3 million tons in 1990 to 137.2 million tons in 2007. The number of landfills in the United States also declined steadily from *Corresponding author. Wastes placed in landfills are subject to either groundwater underflow or infiltration from precipitation and as water percolates through the waste, it picks up a variety of inorganic and organic compounds, flowing out of the wastes to accumulate at the bottom of the landfill. The resulting contaminated water is termed ‘leachate’ and can percolate through the soil (Mor et al., 2006). Municipal landfill leachate are highly concentrated complex effluents which contain dissolved organic matters; inorganic compounds such as ammonium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, sulphates, chlorides and heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, nickel; and xenobiotic organic substances (Lee and Jones-Lee, 1993; Christensen et al., 2001). Leachate varies widely in composition depending on many interacting factors such as the composition and depth of waste, availability of moisture and oxygen, landfill design, operation and age (Reinhart and Grosh, 1998). Leachate composition is primarily a function of the 934 Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. age of the landfill and the degree of waste stabilization. The stabilization of waste is suggested to proceed in five sequential or distinct phases (Pohland and Harper, 1985) and the rate of progress through these stages is dependent on the physical (availability of free oxygen), chemical and microbiological conditions developed within the landfill with time (Pohland et al., 1985). Improper solid waste management (SWM) is a major environmental problem in the Lagos metropolis due to the absence of modern engineered landfills, therefore posing serious contamination risk to both groundwater and surface water. Landfills are considered one of the major threats to groundwater (USEPA, 1984; Fatta et al., 1999). The scale of this threat depends on the concentration and toxicity of contaminants in leachate, type and permeability of geologic strata, depth of water table and the direction of groundwater flow (Al-khaldi, 2006). Modern Sanitary landfills have also been reported to leak leachate and pollute groundwater (Lee and Jones-Lee, 2004). Failure of liners and/or leakage of the leachate collection systems are the primary causes of such leachate seepage and infiltration into groundwater (Lee and Jones-lee, 1994). Groundwater is the major source of potable water supply in the study area and Lagos in general (Longe et al., 1987; Yusuf, 2007) and its contamination is a major environmental and health concern. This study was therefore undertaken with the objective of assessing the possible impact of leachate percolation on groundwater quality in the vicinity of an unlined MSW landfill at Igando New Town in the Lagos metropolis. CHAPTER TWO 2.0Literature Review The quality of water that we ingest as well as the quality of water in our lakes, streams, rivers, and oceans is a critical parameter in determining the overall quality of our lives water quality is determined by the solutes and gases dissolved in the water, as well as the matter suspended in and floating on the water. Water quality is a consequence of the natural physical and chemical state of the water as well as any alternations that may have occurred as a consequence of human activity. The usefulness of water for a particular purpose is determined by the water quality. If human activity alters the natural water quality so that is no longer fit for a use for which it had previously been suited, the water is said to be polluted or contained. It should be noted that in many areas water quality has been altered by human activity, but the water is still usable. One base measure of water quality is the total dissolved solids (TDs) which is the total amount of solids, in milligrams per liter, that remain when a water sample is evaporated to dryness. Table 10.1 gives a classification scheme for water based on the total dissolved solids. Water naturally contains a number of different dissolved organic constituents. The major anions are calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium; the

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