CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review5

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PROJECT REPORT ON TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF BY . SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOINFOMATICS SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN SURVEYING AND GEO-INFORMATICS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS NOVEMRER, 2024. CERTIFICATE I hereby certify that all information presented in this project is derived from field observations and measurements personally conducted by me, in full compliance with survey regulations, departmental guidelines, and established standards. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that ………………….., with matriculation number ……………, has successfully completed the survey tasks outlined in this project report under my direct supervision. Throughout the process, he consistently exhibited diligence, professionalism, and strict compliance with all relevant survey regulations, departmental guidelines, and standards. __________________ __________________ EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR Signature /DATE DEDICATION This project is dedicated to Almighty Allah, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful, the ultimate source of knowledge and wisdom. His boundless grace has guided me at every stage of this journey, illuminating my path through the complexities of this work. His blessings have provided the strength, determination, and insight necessary to overcome challenges and achieve this milestone. With profound gratitude, I humbly acknowledge His unwavering support in making this accomplishment possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT This project focuses on a detailed topographic survey of a designated section of of part of the federal polytechnic offa, from across the gutter in front of security office in the small gate to moremi lecture rooms enclosing olawoyin/olatinwo halls, the department of statistics, department of hotel and catering management, department of computer sciences to the polytechnic secondary school fence, straight along the secondary school fence to the polytechnic fence back to the gutter in front of the small gate enclosing the security office (mini campus) offa, kwara state. The primary objective is to obtain precise field measurements and conduct comprehensive observations to ensure accurate and reliable results. Following an initial site reconnaissance to evaluate the project area, the survey involved the following key activities: 1. Traversing 2. Spot Height Measurement 3. Contour Line Mapping This report is presented in clear and concise language, making the methodologies and procedures accessible to readers without a technical background. TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGEi CERTIFICATEii CERTIFICATIONiii DEDICATIONiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv ABSTRACTvi TABLE OF CONTENTvii-viii LIST OF FIGURESix LIST OF TABLESx CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction1 1.1Aim and Objectives of the Study2 1.2Scope of the Project 2 1.3Site Location 3 1.4 Specifications3 1.5Personnel 4 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review5 CHAPTER THREE 3.0Methodology6 3.1Planning 6 3.1.1Field Reconnaissance6 3.1.2Office Reconnaissance6 3.2Equipment Used7 3.3Instrument check7 3.4Collimation Test7 3.5Monumentation8 3.6Data Acquisition8 3.6.1Geometric Data Acquisition9 3.6.2Attributes Data Acquisition10 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0Data Downloading11 4.1.1Data Processing11 4.1.2Processing in Auto-CAD12 4.1.3Types of Plotting12 4.2 Area Calculation 13 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Summary, Problem Encountered Recommendations, and Conclusion14 5.1Summary14 5.2Problem Encountered15 5.3Recommendations 15 5.4Conclusion 16 References 17 APPENDICES LIST OF FIGURES IDIAGRAM9 II PROCESSED DATA12 LIST OF TABLES ICONTROL CHECK8 IICO-ORDINATE OF CONTROL POINT 6 III BOUNDARY COORDINATE OF THE PERIMETER SURVEY10 IVTABLE SHOWING THE BACK COMPUTATION12 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Surveying is a critical discipline focused on the precise measurement and mapping of large areas of the Earth’s surface. This process involves the collection, refinement, and interpretation of data to generate accurate, actionable insights. The discipline serves two primary purposes: 1.Determination of Relative Position: Mapping the Earth's horizontal and vertical positions with precision. 2. Establishment of Control Points: Creating essential reference points for construction projects and land boundary delineation. Historically, surveying has been instrumental in human progress, serving as the backbone for planning and executing construction and infrastructure projects. Its importance spans modern fields such as transportation, construction, land management, and communication. Surveying forms the foundation of environmental development and is indispensable to professions relying on accurate, reliable land data. It typically initiates the creation of base maps necessary for informed decision-making and concludes with verifying the accuracy and quality of completed projects. By providing critical data on land position and terrain, surveying ensures the success of land-based development initiatives. This report emphasizes topographical surveying, which captures the Earth's three-dimensional configuration (x, y, and z coordinates) while documenting terrain undulations. This information is vital for understanding the land's physical characteristics and informing developmental planning. TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING Topographical surveying is a specialized discipline focused on accurately determining the positions of natural and man-made features within a defined area, capturing both their horizontal and vertical coordinates. The collected data is visually represented on a topographical map using standardized symbols, serving as an essential tool for planning and designing infrastructure projects, including roads, bridges, and buildings. These maps are invaluable across diverse industries such as military operations, mining, engineering, and agriculture. Topographical surveying encompasses three primary areas: 1. Hypsography: Focused on measuring and mapping land elevations, it represents the relative heights of features across a landscape. 2. Hydrography: Concerned with measuring and describing the physical characteristics of navigable waters and adjacent coastal areas. 1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES AIM The aim of this project is to conduct a comprehensive topographical survey of part of the federal polytechnic offa, from across the gutter in front of security office in the small gate to moremi lecture rooms enclosing olawoyin olatinwo halls, the department of statistics, department of hotel and catering management, department of computer sciences to the polytechnic secondary school fence, straight along the secondary school fence to the polytechnic fence back to the gutter in front of the small gate enclosing the security office (mini campus) offa kwara state OBJECTIVES The specific objectives of this project are as follows: 1. To evaluate the terrain’s relief through detailed topographical mapping, including the delineation of the perimeter. 2. To measure elevation changes along a designated traverse line at 10-meter intervals. 3. To process and analyze the collected data to produce an accurate topographical map of the study area. 1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT This project encompasses the following surveying activities: 1. Reconnaissance: Conducting a preliminary site inspection and assessment. 2. Perimeter Traversing and Detailing: Precisely mapping site boundaries and significant features. 3. Spot Height Measurement: Recording elevation points to assess vertical variations across the site. 4. Contour Line Generation: Developing contour lines to depict terrain relief through equal elevation lines. 5. Data Processing and Computation: Verifying and analyzing collected data for accuracy and reliability. 6.Data Presentation and Report Writing: Organizing findings into a comprehensive and structured report. 7. Plan Presentation: Producing and delivering the final topographical map. 1.3 SITE LOCATION The study area is situated within the Federal Polytechnic, specifically of part of the federal polytechnic Offa, from across the gutter in front of security office in the small gate to Moremi lecture rooms enclosing Olawoyin /Olatinwo halls, the department of statistics, department of hotel and catering management, department of computer sciences to the polytechnic secondary school fence, straight along the secondary school fence to the polytechnic fence back to the gutter in front of the small gate enclosing the security office, on the Mini Campus in Kwara State. The site lies within UTM Zone 31, between latitudes 8°08'34.8" N and 8°08'54.5" N, and longitudes 4°42'57.5" E and 4°42'59.1" E. 1.4 SPECIFICATIONS 1. Angular Misclosure: The angular misclosure must not exceed the permissible limit, calculated as 30 seconds multiplied by the number of stations (\(30'' \times n\)). 2. Linear Accuracy: The survey must achieve a minimum accuracy ratio of 1:5000, in alignment with departmental standards. 3. Angle Check: The sum of exterior angles must adhere to the formula \((2n + 4) \times 90°\), ensuring compliance with required specifications. 1.5 PERSONNEL The following are the personnel that participated actively

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