CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW PAGEREF _Toc120976734 \h 14 2.0 Definition and Formation of Lateritic soil PAGEREF _Toc120976735 \h 14 2.1 Soil Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976736 \h 14 2.1.1 Methods of Soil Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976737 \h 15 2.1.1.1 Chemical Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976738 \h 15 2.1.1.2 Mechanical Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976742 \h 16 2.1.1.3 Physical Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976743 \h 17 2.2 Engineering Classification of Soil PAGEREF _Toc120976744 \h 17 2.2.1 AASHTO Classification System PAGEREF _Toc120976745 \h 17 2.2.2 Unified Soil Classification System PAGEREF _Toc120976746 \h 18

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GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF LATERITIC SOIL STABILIZED WITH GRANULATED COW BONE ON THE DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE INCREMENT BY ……………………… BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, …………………..…… IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING DECEMBER, 2022. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that ……………….O carried out this research under the supervision of …………... in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Offa. _______________________ ___________________ ………………………………. DATE _______________________ ______________________ …………………………. DATE SUPERVISOR _________________________ _______________________ ………………………………. DATE Head of Department DEDICATION This report is dedicated to Almighty GOD for his mercy, blessings and guidance towards the completion of the program. Also my sincere gratitude goes to my lovely parents MR and MRS …….. for their full support, Thanks and God blessed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I render all glory, honour and adoration to the King of Kings and the Lord of Lord for He is praise worthy and for His divine protection throughout my program in this institution. I also wish to express my profound gratitude to my parents MR& MRS …………or the wisdom I inculcate from them that makes me to develop my morality and discipline and also for their financial, parent assistance and care. May you live to reap the fruit of your labour. I attributed my success of this project work to our kind-hearted and helpful supervisor for his guidance on us and to honour our drafted project and made contributions that crowned our efforts with success. May the mercy of God enlarge your coast abundantly. I equally grateful to our project supervisor in person of ………………. and the co supervisor in person of …………….. also to our H.O.D in person of ……………… and other lecturers in our department who has been so nice and kind to us. My appreciation is incomplete without expressing my gratitude to my siblings, especially my big sisters ………………. and to my girlfriend ……………. At long last, I am sincerely indebted to G.O.V executives and all our departmental colleagues who have all been a blessing to us. God will continue to shower his mercy and blessing on your all. TABLE OF CONTENT TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u CERTIFICATION PAGEREF _Toc120976723 \h ii DEDICATION PAGEREF _Toc120976724 \h iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc120976725 \h iv TABLE OF CONTENT PAGEREF _Toc120976726 \h v ABSTRACT PAGEREF _Toc120976727 \h Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER ONE PAGEREF _Toc120976728 \h 10 1.0 Background of the Study PAGEREF _Toc120976729 \h 10 1.1 Statement of Problem PAGEREF _Toc120976730 \h 12 1.2 Significance of Study PAGEREF _Toc120976731 \h 12 1.3 Aim and Objectives PAGEREF _Toc120976732 \h 13 1.4 Scope of Work PAGEREF _Toc120976733 \h 13 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW PAGEREF _Toc120976734 \h 14 2.0 Definition and Formation of Lateritic soil PAGEREF _Toc120976735 \h 14 2.1 Soil Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976736 \h 14 2.1.1 Methods of Soil Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976737 \h 15 2.1.1.1 Chemical Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976738 \h 15 2.1.1.2 Mechanical Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976742 \h 16 2.1.1.3 Physical Stabilization PAGEREF _Toc120976743 \h 17 2.2 Engineering Classification of Soil PAGEREF _Toc120976744 \h 17 2.2.1 AASHTO Classification System PAGEREF _Toc120976745 \h 17 2.2.2 Unified Soil Classification System PAGEREF _Toc120976746 \h 18 CHAPTER THREE PAGEREF _Toc120976747 \h 20 MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PAGEREF _Toc120976748 \h 20 3.1 Materials and Sample Preparation PAGEREF _Toc120976749 \h 20 3.2 Preliminary Laboratory Tests PAGEREF _Toc120976750 \h 20 3.2.1 Sieve Analysis PAGEREF _Toc120976751 \h 20 3.2.2 Natural Moisture Content Test PAGEREF _Toc120976752 \h 21 3.2.3 Specific gravity test PAGEREF _Toc120976753 \h 21 3.2.4 Atterberg Limits Test PAGEREF _Toc120976754 \h 22 3.2.5 Compaction Test PAGEREF _Toc120976755 \h 23 3.2.6 California Bearing Ratio Test PAGEREF _Toc120976756 \h 23 CHAPTER FOUR PAGEREF _Toc120976757 \h 25 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PAGEREF _Toc120976758 \h 25 4.0 Preamble PAGEREF _Toc120976759 \h 25 4.1 Natural Moisture Content Test results PAGEREF _Toc120976760 \h 25 4.2 Specific Gravity of Soil Sample PAGEREF _Toc120976761 \h 25 Table 4.1 Result for specific gravity test PAGEREF _Toc120976762 \h 25 4.3 Chemical Composition of Cow bone ash PAGEREF _Toc120976763 \h 26 Table 4.2: Chemical composition of Cow Bone ash used for the study PAGEREF _Toc120976764 \h 26 4.4 Sieve Analysis PAGEREF _Toc120976765 \h 26 Table 4.3 Sieve analysis results PAGEREF _Toc120976766 \h 26 Figure 4.1 Particle size distribution curve of the Laterite Used PAGEREF _Toc120976767 \h 27 4.5 Atterberg Limit PAGEREF _Toc120976768 \h 27 Table 4.3 Atterberg Limit results PAGEREF _Toc120976769 \h 27 Figure 4.2 Variation of Atterberg limit value corresponding to Cow Bone ash content PAGEREF _Toc120976770 \h 28 4.6 Compaction Test results PAGEREF _Toc120976771 \h 28 Table 4.4 Summary of Compaction Test Results PAGEREF _Toc120976772 \h 28 Figure 4.3 Variation of Max. Dry density against Cow Bone Ash (%) PAGEREF _Toc120976773 \h 29 Figure 4.4 Variation of Optimum Moisture content against Cow Bone Ash (%) PAGEREF _Toc120976774 \h 29 4.7 California bearing ratio test PAGEREF _Toc120976775 \h 29 Table 4.5: CBR Values stabilized lateritic soil PAGEREF _Toc120976776 \h 30 Figure 4.4 CBR value against Cow Bone Ash Content PAGEREF _Toc120976777 \h 31 4.8 Summary of Geotechnical Characteristic PAGEREF _Toc120976778 \h 31 CHAPTER FIVE PAGEREF _Toc120976779 \h xxxii CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION PAGEREF _Toc120976780 \h xxxii 5.0 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc120976781 \h xxxii 5.1Recommendation PAGEREF _Toc120976782 \h xxxii REFERENCES PAGEREF _Toc120976783 \h xxxiii ABSTRACT This research is focused on evaluating the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with granulated cow bone ash to improve the strength and quality of Nigerian lateritic soil(acquired from Atari area Offa Kwara state Nigeria) for road construction applications. California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits test, Compaction test, Moisture content and Specific gravity tests were utilized to investigate the influence of bone ash on lateritic soil samples. 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, of bone ash was used in stabilization of the laterite soil sample. There is positive outcome from this study because the strength of the lateritic soil were improved by bone ash stabilization and this implies that bone ash can be used in place of lime for the stabilization of lateritic soil for road construction. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background of the Study Lateritic soil is any of a group of zonal soils developed under humid tropical forest vegetation. Lateritic soils have granular dark reddish brown surface soils underlain by reddish friable clay B-horizon sand red reticulate mottled lateritic parent material. Lateritic soil can be defined as weathered tropical or sub-tropical leftover soil, generally covered with sesquioxide rich solidifications. Soil is described with high temperature and moisture content prompting exceptional chemical weathering that structures well graded residual soils,. Lateritic soils are environmentally friendly materials which are plentiful in its natural occurrence. Lateritic soil comprises of high plastic clay; soil plasticity may cause cracks and damage on structural foundations, pavement, roadway or any other construction projects. It is in this way significant to comprehend the actions of lateritic soil and subsequently sortout the strategy for soil stabilization. Lateritic soils are characterized as sustainable building and construction materials that fix current problems without jeopardizing people's ability to address their own issues satisfactorily in the future. Structures built of earth materials are the most widely recognized moderate accommodation since earth materials are readily accessible anyplace on the planet. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) states the following as the reasons for soil stabilization: increasing the strength of existing soil to enhance its load-bearing capacity, improving soil permeability and enhancing the resistance of soil to weathering process and traffic utilization etc.(Helgren et. al., 1997). Soil stabilization is the process of changing some of the soil

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