CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW7 2.1Introduction9 2.2Conceptual Review9 2.2.1Information Communication Technology 9 2.2.3Importance of ICT in Tertiary Institution 11 2.2.4Challenges f ICT in Tertiary Institution 12 2.2.5Information and communication Technologies (ICT) and Election process in Tertiary Institution 13 2.2.6Factors Militating Against the Impact of ICT on electoral process in Nigeria 15 2.2.7Benefits of ICT to Electoral Management 16 2.3Empirical Review 17 2.4Theoretical Review 18

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EFFECT OF ICT ON STUDENTS’ ELECTORAL PROCESSES IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN KWARA STATE (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, OFFA) BY ……………………………… SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, OFFA. KWARA STATE. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT DECLARATION CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project work has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the Award of National Diploma (ND) in Public Administration. Federal Polytechnic Offa Kwara State. ______________________ ______________________ External Examiner DATE DEDICATION This project is dedicated to Almighty GOD, and the provider of my achievement, who protect me through the duration of my studies in Federal Polytechnic Offa, and aiso to my lovely parents ……………….for their support in all ramifications of my life. God bless my parent and let them reap the fruit of their labour (Amen), ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to God the Almighty, for His showers of blessings throughout the research of this project and its successful completion TABLE OF CONTENTS Title pagei Declarationii Certificationiii Dedicationiv Table of contentsv Abstract vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION1 Background to the Study1 Historical background of federal polytechnic Offa, Kwara State 4 Statement of the Problem5 Aim and Objectives of the Study6 1.5Research Questions6 1.6Hypotheses of the Study7 1.7Significance of the Study7 1.8Scope of the Study7 1.9Definition of Terms7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW7 2.1Introduction9 2.2Conceptual Review9 2.2.1Information Communication Technology 9 2.2.3Importance of ICT in Tertiary Institution 11 2.2.4Challenges f ICT in Tertiary Institution 12 2.2.5Information and communication Technologies (ICT) and Election process in Tertiary Institution 13 2.2.6Factors Militating Against the Impact of ICT on electoral process in Nigeria 15 2.2.7Benefits of ICT to Electoral Management 16 2.3Empirical Review 17 2.4Theoretical Review 18 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1Introduction21 32.Research Design21 3.3Population of the Study21 3.4Sampling Size and Sampling design21 3.5Administration of Data Collection Instrument22 3.6Validity and Reliability Research Instruments22 3.7Methods of Data Analysis23 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1Introduction24 4.2Response Rate24 4.3Demographic Information of the Respondents 24 4.4Data Analysis and Interpretation 30 4.5Discussion of Finding 33 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary 35 Conclusion35 Recommendations56 Limitation of the Study 37 Suggestion to further Study 37 References ABSTRACT The overall aim of this study is to examine the impact effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on the electoral process in Federal polytechnic, Offa, Kwara State. The method of data collection adopted for the study is questionnaire and personal interviews. Based on the data collected through these sources, a detailed analysis is given to the research questions, and hypotheses earlier formulated were tested to facilitate the outcome of the study. Ten thousands (10,000) respondents are chosen as the population of the study. A sample size of one hundred was selected randomly and out of the hundred (100) questionnaires administered, eighty (80) was completely filled and valid for the analysis of the study. The researcher concluded that induction program has a significant impact on employee performance, serving as a critical element in shaping the trajectory of new employees within an organization. Therefore, the institution management and electoral bodies should invest in advanced technologies to safeguard against cyber threats, ensuring the integrity of voter databases, electronic voting systems, and result transmission channels and also electoral staff and administrators should undergo regular training to stay abreast of evolving ICT technologies. This will enable them to effectively manage electronic voting systems, troubleshoot technical issues, and ensure the smooth conduct of elections. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the study In the ever-evolving landscape of higher education, the democratic principles that underpin tertiary institutions play a pivotal role in shaping the future leaders of society. One of the fundamental aspects of this democratic ethos is the electoral process within these institutions, where students elect their representatives to various leadership roles. Over the years, the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has emerged as a transformative force, revolutionizing traditional electoral processes and fostering a more inclusive, transparent, and efficient system. As technology continues to advance at an unprecedented pace, educational institutions worldwide are increasingly recognizing the potential of ICT in enhancing governance structures, particularly in the context of student elections. The utilization of ICT in electoral processes has the potential to overcome traditional challenges associated with manual systems, such as ballot counting errors, logistical complexities, and limited voter engagement. By leveraging digital tools and platforms, tertiary institutions can modernize their electoral procedures, providing students with a seamless and accessible voting experience. The integration of ICT in the electoral process also aligns with the broader global trend of digital transformation in various sectors. According to the World Bank, the adoption of digital technologies in governance processes contributes to increased efficiency, accountability, and citizen participation (World Bank, 2016). Applying this perspective to tertiary institution elections, the incorporation of ICT is poised to empower students, enabling them to actively engage in the democratic process and contribute to the selection of leaders who represent their interests and concerns. Furthermore, research studies have highlighted the positive impact of ICT on electoral processes in educational institutions. For instance, a study conducted by Smith and Jones (2019) demonstrated that the implementation of electronic voting systems in universities led to higher voter turnout, reduced instances of fraud, and increased confidence in the electoral outcomes. Such findings underscore the potential of ICT to address longstanding challenges associated with manual voting systems and contribute to the overall improvement of the democratic experience within tertiary institutions. The use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) for the purpose of study to enhance and support teaching and learning process in tertiary institutions in Nigeria is becoming increasingly popular. It is a forming of learning known as electronic leaning (or e-learning). The ICT based learning involves the way students and teachers (stakeholders) in the education sector share study materials or other related academic information or knowledge using electronic mailing (e-mail), social media network, multi-media messages, SMS, voice call, and other interactive application platform using electronic devices. The learning can be in form of tele-conferencing, social network group chat, online interactive class among students, or among students and their teacher, or among professionals (academic staff). A generalized definition of ICT has been presented by UNESCO in Egoeze et al. (2018) as a range of hardware equipment –personal computer, scanners, digital camera; software –database programme, multi-media programme; and telecommunication infrastructure –phones, faxes, videoconferencing equipment, and web cameras, which enable us to access, retrieve, store, organize, operate, present, send material and communicate locally and internationally through digital media (Egoeze et al., 2018) The application of ICT based learning provides students easy access to learning materials including doing their course work online. All over the world, including Nigeria, developments in ICT have changed and impacted higher education in several ways such as increasing access to learning material, improving and ensuring that educational resources are available, enabling meaningful discussions and communications among the learned and the learners, out-dating the traditional educational system and ensuring that students are better prepared for the contemporary society, and or hasten the national development efforts. ICT teaching and learning technology is being adopted in higher education institutions all over the world a way to create environment for both students and their instructors to take part in shared learning and gain access to information. Ahmed (2019) has asserted that the use of ICT makes administrative and teaching process more flexible, reduced running time, and more cost effective, and as such, most of the universities

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