CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The Goal of This Investigation Work Is to Use the Coconut Shell Ash, husk Ash and Charcoal Ash shells can be used for fuel and are a source of Charcoal Ash a Mix Design Ratio 1: 2: 4 and water ratio 0.50, Additional of Cement. Coconut Shell Ash Is Replaced By 10% and 20% In Addition With of Weight of Cement. An Experimental Research Demonstrates The Strength Features Such As Compressive Strengthof Coconut Shell Ash Based Concrete Were Investigated. It Is Found the Strength of The Concrete Rises with the Adding of Coconut Shell Ash and Finally the Comparison Is Made for the Coconut Shell Ash, husk Ash and Charcoal Ash Added to Cement Concrete.Oyedepo OJ (2015).Carried out an experimental Research on Performance of coconut shell ash as partial Replacement for cement in concrete. Using a mix design ratio of 1:2:4 and water binder ratio of 0.50, concrete cubes were casted using varying ordinary Portland cement (OPC): coconut shell ash (CSA) ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 , 60:40 and 50:50 respectively. Author has noticed that the partial replacement of cement with 20% CSA in concrete gives an average optimum compressive strength of 15.4 N/mm2and 17.26 N/mm2respectively at 28 days. While, 10% replacement with CSA gives the optimum value of compressive strength which is 20.58 N/mm2at 28 days. Such strength is suitable for both light weight and heavy weight concrete respectively. Thus, the researcher has concluded that the use of CSA as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, at lower volume of replacement, will enhance the reduction of cement usage in concretes, thereby reducing the production cost and the environmental pollution caused by the dumping of the agricultural waste.Vignesh Kumar Nagarajan March (2014).Carried out an Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with coconut shell ash in concrete. Agricultural waste material, in this case, coconut shells, which is an environmental pollutant, are collected and burnt in the open air (uncontrolled combustion) for three hours and that product is incinerated in muffle furnace at 800oC for 6 hrs to produce coconut shell ash (CSA), which in turn was used as pozzolana in partial replacement of cement in concrete production. Author has produced concrete cubes by replacing 10 and 20 percent of OPC with CSA. He has concluded that, the setting time increases with increase in the amount of coconut shell ash. He also noticed that, with increase in percentage replacement of OPC with CSA, the compressive strength decreases. The optimal 28 days strength for OPC-CSA mix is recorded at 10% replacement. CONCRETE Concrete is a widely used material in the construction industry. Concrete is basically composed of a mixture of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. Admixture could be added to the basic material, when and where required, to modify one or more properties of the concrete in fresh and hardened states. The flexibility in use of concrete, and the easy adaptability to environmental conditions make concrete suitable for application in almost all civil engineering and building structures (Mutalib and Ibrahim, 2009). There are many types of concrete available, these are created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients or by substitution of the binder and aggregates phases, the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties (Neville A. M. (1995). “Properties of concrete “Longman Limited, London). The word concrete comes from the Latin word: concretes” (meaning compact condensed). Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a robust stone like material. Concrete is used to make pavements, pipe, architectural structures, and foundation, etc. John Smeaton, a British engineer is considered as the pioneer father of concrete (BS 882 (1973)Part2. “Aggregates From natural Sources for Concrete” British Standard Institution). COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE As categorically stated above, concrete is made of these: aggregates, binders, water and additives“Aggregates From natural Sources for Concrete” British Standard Institution). AGGREGATES Aggregates are granular mineral particles used either in combination with various types of cementing materials to form concretes and mortars, or alone as road bases, backfill, etc. properties to the aggregates which make it more or less useful. Three quarter of the insert material dispersed throughout the cement paste largely for economic reason. It is possible, however, to take an opposite view and look on aggregates as material connected to a cohesive whole by means of the cement paste, in a manner to masonry construction (“Aggregates From natural Sources for Concrete” British Standard Institution). Aggregates cost less that cement and it is therefore, economical to put into the mix as much of the former and as little of the lager as possible. But economy is not the only reason of using aggregates; it confers considerable technical advantage to concrete, which has higher volume stability than the cement paste alone(“Aggregates From natural Sources for Concrete” British Standard Institution). PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES Aggregates properties are defined by the characteristic of both the individual particles and the characteristics of the combined material. These properties can further be described by their physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics (Menninger and Nicholas, 1990). There are several individual particle characteristics that are important in determining if an aggregates source is suitable for a particular application. Other characteristics are measured for designing Portland cement mixes (Goetz and Wood, 1960). The properties of rock aggregates depend on their composition, grain size and texture (“Aggregates From natural Sources for Concrete” British Standard Institution). BOND OF AGGREGATES Bond between aggregate and cement paste is an important factor in the strength of concrete, especially the flexural strength. Bond is due to the paste owing to the roughness of the surface of the former. Rougher surfaces, such as that of the crushed particles,, result in a better bond; better bond is also usually obtained with softer, porous and mineralogical heterogeneous particles (“Aggregates From natural Sources for Concrete” British Standard Institution). CEMENT For construction purpose, cement can be described as a compound material with cohesive and adhesive properties that makes it capable of binding mineral fragments to a compact whole (Ejeh, 2003). CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES Water reducing admixtures/plasticizers (Malveda, Michael P (July 2015)”Chemical Economics Handbook Report on Plasticizers”)Plasticizers are usually based on lignosulphonate, which is a natural polymer, derived from wood processing in the paper industry. The commonly used admixtures are lignosulphonate and hydrocarbolic acid salts. These admixtures are used for following purpose: To achieve a higher strength by decreasing the water cement ration at the same workability as an admixtures free mix. To achieve the same workability by decreasing the cement content so as to reduce the heat of hydration in mass concrete. To increase the workability so as to ease placing in accessibility locations. Super plasticizers These are more recent and more effective type of water reducing admixtures also known as high range water reducer. The main benefits of super plasticizers can be summarized as follows; Increased fluidity, Flowing, Self leveling, Self compacting concrete and Penetration and compacting round dense reinforcement (Grerry Bye, Paul Livesey. Lesliestruble (2011).“Admixtures and special cements”.Portland cement.Third edition). MINERAL ADMIXTURES Cementations These have cementing properties themselves.

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COCONUT SHELL ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION ……………………………… CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The high cost of construction materials like cement and reinforcement bars, has led to increased in cost of construction Aho and Utsev, (2008). This, coupled with the pollution associated with cement production, has necessitated a search for an alternative binder which can be used sorely or in partial replacement of cement in concrete production. More so, disposal of agricultural waste materials such as rice husk, groundnut husk, corn cob and coconut shell have constituted an environmental challenge, hence the need to convert them into useful materials to minimize their negative effect on the environment. Habeeb and Mahmud, (2010). Research indicates that most materials that are rich in amorphous silica can be used in partial replacement of cement Tyagher et al, (2011). It has also been established that amorphous silica found in some pozzolanic materials reacts with lime more readily than those of crystalline form. Use of such pozzolanas can lead to increased compressive and flexural strengths Otsiku, 2006. The American society of testing materials (ASTM) defines Pozzolans as siliceous or aluminous materials which possess little or no cementitious properties but will, in the presence of moisture, react with lime [Ca(OH)2] at ordinary temperature to form a compound with pozzolanic properties. Examples of pozzolans include class C fly ash, which contain more than 10% CaO, blast furnace slag and silica fumes Zhang, et al. 2016. ASTM C 618 - 78 specifies that any pozzolana that will be used as a cement binder in concrete requires a minimum of 70 % silica, alumina and ferric oxides. BS 3892: 1965 parts 1 and 2 specify a maximum loss on ignition of 12%, maximum MgO content of 4% and SO3 of 2.5% respectively. BS EN 206 - 1 (2000). AIM AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the suitability of coconut shell ash (CSA) for use in partial replacement of cement in concrete production. 1.Determine the physical and chemical properties ofcement and ashes. 2.Determine the physical properties of aggregates. 3. To evaluate the fresh concrete properties containing the ashes partially replaced with cement at different percentage. 4.Determine the compressive strength of concrete and mortar containing these ashes separately STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the most important and expensive constituent of concrete, therefore the replacement of cement with certain percentage of coconut shell ashes (CSA). to see their influence on fluidity and compressive strength at the same time reduces the cost of concrete and reduce the environmental hazard. JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY The ashes are normally disposed for landfill without any commercial return; the production of more of these ashes is causing environmental problems. However, dumping issues of these wastes and environmental sustainability can be ensured by proper utilization or recycling of these materials. Through public concern and research efforts, the agro waste by product materials have potential to be utilized as construction material to replace conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete. The agro waste by products namely RHA, POHA and CHA was be utilized as alternative materials to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to reduce the cost of construction and reduce environmental hazard. SCOPE OF STUDY The scope and limitation of this research are: (1)The research work is limited to the use of CSA as partial replacement for cement. (2) 10% and 20% replacements of cement by CSA were used for mortar and concrete specimens. (3) Only particles that passed through 75m sieves are used as cement replacement materials for theconcrete mixes. (4) The concrete specimens were cure in water. (5) Test conducted on concrete includes: (i) Workability test (ii) compressive strength test (iii) slump cone test (iv) compaction factor (6) Compressive strength test was carried out on concrete. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The Goal of This Investigation Work Is to Use the Coconut Shell Ash, husk Ash and Charcoal Ash shells can be used for fuel and are a source of Charcoal Ash a Mix Design Ratio 1: 2: 4 and water ratio 0.50, Additional of Cement. Coconut Shell Ash Is Replaced By 10% and 20% In Addition With of Weight of Cement. An Experimental Research Demonstrates The Strength Features Such As Compressive Strengthof Coconut Shell Ash Based Concrete Were Investigated. It Is Found the Strength of The Concrete Rises with the Adding of Coconut Shell Ash and Finally the Comparison Is Made for the Coconut Shell Ash, husk Ash and Charcoal Ash Added to Cement Concrete.Oyedepo OJ (2015).Carried out an experimental Research on Performance of coconut shell ash as partial Replacement for cement in concrete. Using a mix design ratio of 1:2:4 and water binder ratio of 0.50, concrete cubes were casted using varying ordinary Portland cement (OPC): coconut shell ash (CSA) ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 , 60:40 and 50:50 respectively. Author has noticed that the partial replacement of cement with 20% CSA in concrete gives an average optimum compressive strength of 15.4 N/mm2and 17.26 N/mm2respectively at 28 days. While, 10% replacement with CSA gives the optimum value of compressive strength which is 20.58 N/mm2at 28 days. Such strength is suitable for both light weight and heavy weight concrete respectively. Thus, the researcher has concluded that the use of CSA as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, at lower volume of replacement, will enhance the reduction of cement usage in concretes, thereby reducing the production cost and the environmental pollution caused by the dumping of the agricultural waste.Vignesh Kumar Nagarajan March (2014).Carried out an Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with coconut shell ash in concrete. Agricultural waste material, in this case, coconut shells, which is an environmental pollutant, are collected and burnt in the open air (uncontrolled combustion) for three hours and that product is incinerated in muffle furnace at 800oC for 6 hrs to produce coconut shell ash (CSA), which in turn was used as pozzolana in partial replacement of cement in concrete production. Author has produced concrete cubes by replacing 10 and 20 percent of OPC with CSA. He has concluded that, the setting time increases with increase in the amount of coconut shell ash. He also noticed that, with increase in percentage replacement of OPC with CSA, the compressive strength decreases. The optimal 28 days strength for OPC-CSA mix is recorded at 10% replacement. CONCRETE Concrete is a widely used material in the construction industry. Concrete is basically composed of a mixture of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. Admixture could be added to the basic material, when and where required, to modify one or more properties of the concrete in fresh and hardened states. The flexibility in use of concrete, and the easy adaptability to environmental conditions make concrete suitable for application in almost all civil engineering and building structures (Mutalib and Ibrahim, 2009). There are many types of concrete available, these are created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients or by substitution of the binder and aggregates phases, the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties (Neville A. M. (1995). “Properties of concrete “Longman Limited, London). The word concrete comes from the Latin word: concretes” (meaning compact condensed). Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a robust stone like material. Concrete is used to make pavements, pipe, architectural structures, and

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