CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introductions This chapter is concerned with the review of literature relevant to the research study. 2.2 Conceptual Review 2.2.1Television as a Broadcast Media Television is a sight and sound medium of communication. It is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving images that can be monochrome (Black and White) or coloured, with or without accompanying sound. Television transmits sound and pictures from given broadcasting studio to millions of people everyday by means of electromagnetic radiation. The etymology of the word 'television' has a mixed of Latin and Greek origin. The Greek 'tele' means 'far sight', and the Latin word 'visio' means "to see." Both combine to frame the word television. Thus, television means vision and sound at a distance. However, television set comprises multiple internal electronic circuits, including those for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is properly called a video monitor, rather than a TV. HTV system may use different technical standards such as (DTV) and High Definition Television (HDTV). More so, television is a medium of entertainment, information and education, and it's of great importance in putting an ideal in hundred of million minds simultaneously. Thus, it has a greater influence on individual decision and habits towards a particular idea. 2.2.2What is broadcasting? The term broadcasting refers to the totality of the communication and technological process that allows for the transmission of audio visual signals to a large, heterogeneous mass of people simultaneously. As of today, and strictly speaking, only radio and television meet the requirement of this definition. The term broadcasting does not include close - circuit, computer home video if properly used and even cable television or other forms of radio transmission that can not offer, on their own, possibilities of reaching diverse audience almost at the same time. And of particular importance is that, it must be meant for reception by the public and not selected audience. This position does not discountenance the impact of the internet and other new technologies that tend to blurs the distinction between mass media and other types of media. The inclusion of radio and television media under the generic term "mass media" is justified because of their ability to reach large part of the population and that their messages are meant for public reception. According to head and sterling, mass media are those means of communication that use technology to reach large parts of the population almost simultaneously with the kinds of news and entertainment that ordinary people find attractive and at a price that ordinary people can afford to pay. In view of this, broadcasting is the totality of activities and functions performed by radio and television station. 2.2.3 History of Television In its early stages of development, television employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however, those employing only optical and electronic technologies were being explored all modern television system relied on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on electromechanical systems was crucial in the development of fully electronic television. The first images transmitted electrically were sent by early mechanical fax machines, including the pantelagraph, developed in the late nineteenth century. The concept of electrically powered transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in 1878 as the telephonoscope shortly after the invention of the telephone, at the time; it was imagined by early science fiction authors, that someday that light could be transmitted over copper wires as sounds were In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the world's first working television system with electronic scanning of both the pick - up and display device which he first demonstrated to the press on September 1, 1928. WRGB claims to be the world's oldest TV Station, tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13, 1928 broadcasting from the general electric factoiy in Schenectady NY, under the call letters W2XB. It was popularly known as 'WGYTV" after its sister radio station. Later in 1928, General electric started a second facility, this one is New York City which led the call letters W2XBS and which today is known as WNBC. The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a Felix the cat dull, rotating on a turntable was broadcast for two hours everyday for several years, as new technology was being tested by the engineers. In 1936, the Olympic Games in Berlin were carried by cable to TV stations in Berlin and Leipzig where the public could view the game live. In 1935, the German firm of Fernseh A.G and the United States firm Farnsworth TV owned by Philo Farnsworth signed an agreement to exchange their TV patents and technology to speed development of TV transmitters and stations in their respective countries. On 2, November 1936, the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular higher definition services from the Victorian Alexandra palace in north London. It therefore claims to be the birth place of television broadcasting as we know it today. Mexican inventor Guillerno Gonzaley Camesena also played an important role in early television, his experiments with television (known as telectroescopia at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the "trychromatic field sequential systems" colour TV in 1940, as well as the remote control. Although, television became more familiar in the United States with the general public at the 1939 world's fair, the regular commercial I V programming did not begin in the U,S until 1948. During that year, legendary conditio* Arturo Toscanini made his first of TV appearance awdueting the NllC symphon) tm:b

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PERCEIVED INFLUENCE OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG STUDENTS OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA KWARA STATE CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Obviously, in mass communication world, television cannot be treated as if ii does not exist because of its role in broadcast medium with its ability to disseminate information 10 large heterogeneous audience simultaneously, with its distinctive function of informing, entertaining and educating through the use of specific programmes. In its early stage of development, television employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image with accompanying sound. However, broadcasting is a means of carrying out television basic functions, thus making use of television programmes to change and influence attitudes and disposition of students, which make it an effective and efficient instrument in achieving of mass communication aims. In this contemporary world, people are touched emotional after watching a particular programme on the broadcast media (Television) this is of course another way of explaining the influence of television programmes on the academic performance of students which may impact and improve knowledge in them. Thus, explaining the power of the mass media using the theory of the hypodermic needle model which is premised on the belief that mass media (Television) have direct, immediate and immensely powerful effect on a mass audience, stating that the mass media have absolute power to force an idea on defenseless minds. However, television became more familiar with the general public at the 1939 world's fair, the outbreak of World War 11 prevented of it from being manufactured on a large scalc until after the end of the war. True regular commercial television network programme did not begin in the United States until 1948, during that year, legendary conductor, Ariuc Toscanini made his first ten TV appearances conducting the NBC symphony orchestra, and Texaco star theater, starring comedian Milton Berle, became television first gigantic hit programme. In view of this, it is obvious that a programme is the heart beat of a television station. Credible and sustainable programmes are visible attempts by television stations to perform their basic functions of informing, persuading, entertaining and educating their audience, which at the end, the viewers will be influence with what they are exposed to in such a programme. Thus having knowledge in one or the other. Meanwhile, knowledge they say is the ability to receive information and use the information received to one's advantage. There is a great improvement on television that really broaden and improves the attitudes of viewer (Students) towards their academic pursuit. Some programmes have lasting impressions on the mind of the student such as "Take a Step" on Osun State Broadcasting Corporation (OSBC) and "Brain Trust" on Ekiti Television (EKTV), as well as news bulletin and news, commentary, including public enlightment programmes, no doubt contributes to the academic performances of secondary school students in terms of its ability to stimulate and impact greatly on their academic advancement as it enhances their spoken English and correct pronunciation of words, as observed and carried out by the researchers of this research work. What makes a successful programme is to reach out to its target audience and influence them to achieve its aims, especially in programmes like school challenge, quiz and debates seeing schools and students participating in such programmer will not only help and broaden their knowledge, but also to the good things about television and see themselves as role model for other colleagues. Television programmes occupy discrete amounts of time within the broadcast hour of the day and wear a distinct cap. They go by a name or title which is attractive and/or summarizes the programme. Some television programmes are designed with primarily educational purposes in minds, although they might rely heavily on entertainment to communicate their educational messages. The first ever television series produced in the pacific island country of Vanuatu, entitle "love patrol" and launched in 2007 was praised as an edutainment series, as it aimed to educate viewers on the issue of AIDS, which simultaneously providing an entertaining. To some segment of the society especially only like parents teacher and guardians, they hold different views about their children/students exposure to television stations most especially the allegations leveled against television programmes. Some of the allegations leveled against television stations most especially the producers and other broadcasters involve in programming includes showing of negative programmes which in their own perceptive is wrong, some also claimed that programmes relayed via television for students are not in consonance with what they are being exposed to at school. The focal point therefore is to examine the influence of television programmes on secondary school student academic performance. So, in general, the proper category of this study is to obtain rightful data which will help us educate the student which falls under the proper society members, requiring suitable answers for their questions will be adequately cater for. Meanwhile, television programmes have both negative and positive influence on student's academic performance, therefore, the project work aimed at examine this influence in different ways by analysis of data and interpretation of deducted facts from the research instrument employed in this research works. 1.2 Statement of the Problem This research work will delve into knowing the perceived influence of television programmes on the academic performance of Federal Polytechnic Students ND 11 Mass Communication Full Time. The researchers will therefore determine the level of television programme's effects on its target audience - students. 1.3Objective of the Study To find out if Federal Polytechnic Students ND 11 Mass Communication Full Time do watch television programmes To examine the types of television programs preferred by Federal Polytechnic Students ND 11 Mass Communication Full Time To explore the perceived influence of television programmes on students' academic performance 1.4 Research Question Do students of Federal Polytechnic Students ND 11 Mass Communication Full Time watch television programmes What types of television programmes do Federal Polytechnic Students ND 11 Mass Communication Full Time What perceived influence does television programme have on academic performance of Federal Polytechnic Students ND 11 Mass Communication Full Time 1.5Significance of the Study The findings of this research work will encourage students to developing habits for television viewing, particularly its educative programme also, producers/presenters of television programmes will find this project work useful, as it will prod them to embark on research that will bring about improvement on their progammes so as to sustain the interest of television viewers on educational programmes. The research work will also be a useful guide to future researchers who may want to work on the subject matter, or a subject relating to it. 1.6Scope of the Study The scope of the study covers Federal Polytechnic Students ND 11 Mass Communication Full Time Limitation of the Study The study may involve a limited number of participants, which could affect the generalizability of the findings to all students in the school or the broader population in Kwara State. Reliance on self-reported measures of television viewing habits and academic performance can introduce bias, as students might overestimate or underestimate their viewing time or academic achievements. The study focuses on perceived influence, which can vary significantly among individuals. Personal biases and subjective interpretations may affect how students report the impact of television on their academic performance. Definition of Terms Perceived:To attain awareness or understanding of something Influence: - This is the power or ability to affect one's action or beliefs. Television: - This is an electrical device with a glass screen that shows broadcast

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