CHAPTER TWO 2.0Literature Review3 2.1Materials and Methods4 2.2Description of the Study Area4 2.3Waste Disposal Practices5 2.4Sampling Leachate and Groundwater6 2.5Physico- Hamical Analysis of Leachate and Groundwater6 2.6Microbial Enumeration6

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INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY LEACHATE NEAR STAFF SECONDARY SCHOOL THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA BY ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD OF GEOPHYSICAL ACTIVITIES PREPARED BY SUBMITTED TO: THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS WITH ELECTRONICS, IN PARTIA FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN APPLIED PHYSICS. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project was carried out by …………………with matriculation Number ……………in the Department of Physics with Electronics, The Federal Polytechnic Offa, in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma. DEDICATION This project is dedicated to Almighty God, who in his surest mercy gave us the wisdom, knowledge understanding and strength towards the success of this project. ACKNOWLEDGMENT All praises adoration and thanks to Almighty God the most merciful and beneficent for the infinite mercies, protection and wisdom he bestowed on us throughout the period of our project. Our deep gratitude goes to our God fearing and understanding supervisor in person of TABLE OF CONTENT Title Pagei Certificationii Dedicationiii Acknowledgmentiv Abstractv Table of contentvi CHAPTER ONE 1.0Introduction1 CHAPTER TWO 2.0Literature Review3 2.1Materials and Methods4 2.2Description of the Study Area4 2.3Waste Disposal Practices5 2.4Sampling Leachate and Groundwater6 2.5Physico- Hamical Analysis of Leachate and Groundwater6 2.6Microbial Enumeration6 CHAPTER THREE 3.0Result and Discussion 7 3.1Physico-Chemica Characteristic of Leachate And Groundwater Samplies7 3.2Microbial Analysis of Leachate And Groundwater Samples9 3.3Influence of Distance From Landfill on Groundwater Quality10 3.4Discussion 11 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1Conclusion and Recommendation 15 4.2Recommendation 15 Reference ABSTRACT Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed in leachate and groundwater samples obtained at different locations adjacent to a municipal solid waste landfill in order to assess the impact of leachate percolation on groundwater quality. Total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and Na+ exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) tolerance levels for drinking water in 62.5, 100, and 37.5% of the groundwater samples, respectively with pH and Fe exceeding WHO limits in 75% of the samples. Significant negative correlations of -0.839, -0.590, and -0.590 were shown by Na+, TDS, and EC respectively to distance from landfill. A high population of Enterobacteriaceae ranging from 4.0 × 103 ± 0 to 1.0575 × 106 ± 162,705 CFU/ml was also detected in the groundwater samples, indicating contamination. The results show that the leachate from the landfill has a minimal impact on the groundwater resource and this can be attributed to the existing soil stratigraphy at the site consisting of clay which is deduced to have a significant influence on the natural attenuation of leachate into groundwater. Key words: Groundwater, correlation, percolation, landfill, leachate, municipal solid waste, natural attenuation, Enterobacteriaceae. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Developing countries today depend increasingly on knowledge, ideas, skills that are produced in universities. In Nigeria, Universities been recognized as engine of growth and have a broader role in the social, economic, technological and manpower development (Osagie, 2009). In fact, Universities serve as the main source of supply of highly skilled manpower needed in the various sectors of the nation. The National Policy on Education (2015) acknowledged that university education make optimum contribution to national development by intensifying and diversifying its programme for the development of high level manpower within the context of the needs of the nation. Considering the increasingly role of university education in capacity building and knowledge acquisition, universities in developing countries need to advance beyond the provision of printed library resources for student academic advancement to the provision of robust electronic resources that is easily accessible and affordable (Oduwole and Akpati, 2003). Alison, Cooper, Armstrong, Roger, Ray and Sian (2012) showed that use of electronic resources will to a large extent determine how effectively universities achieve their goal of teaching, learning, and research. This is because electronic resources make it easy for provision of online courses and modules, and art-training programmes electronically which are easily accessible, affordable and interactive (Reid, 2000). Simply defined Electronic resources are information resources that user’s access electronically via a computing network from inside the library or remote to the library (Shim, 2001). They are also information retrieval system operating with a computer terminals, communication lines and links, models, disk drives, and databases in machine –readable form that are accessible in an online, interactive mode (Harper, 2006). Various kinds of resources that are available and accessed today are intranet (locally produced e-resources), internet also called online (remotely stored e-resources) and physical media (stored data on CD-ROM, audio, video cassettes etc) based. Barret (2005) highlighted electronic resources to include OPAC, CD-ROMs, Online- Databases, E-journals E- books, Internet resources etc. Croom (2002) explain that multiple accesses speed, richer in content, reuse, timeliness, anywhere access is some of the features of e-resources. Universities community have benefit to derive from the use of electronic resources over traditional print based sources. Electronic resources are often faster to consult than print indexes especially when searching retrospectively, and they are straight forward when wishing to use combination of keywords (Montogemery and King, 2002). They open up the possibility of searching multiple files at a time. They can be printed, searched and saved to be repeated or consulted at a later date. They are updated more often than printed resources. They have the potential for enhancing student’s learning, as the resources provide teachers and students with vast quantities of information in an easily accessible non-sequential format. They help holding huge volumes of information which allow students to retrieve as quality information to meet their needs (Bashorun, Isah and Adisa, 2011).No doubt, the use of electronic resources is now giving rise to new modes of organizing the educational environment in tertiary institutions. It is beginning to introduce a new concept of the teaching and learning process at real time. In universities, it will reduced pressure on academic libraries for physical space for storage of books and journals, gives librarian the assurance that electronic books or journals are complete, analyzed and in the right place and provides unlimited access to users (Dadzie, 2005). It will even add value to the academic libraries to offer better services to users. It is important to note here that electronic resources are not only accessed in the university library but also in other places such as cyber cafes. However, University libraries may provide the best form of electronic resources as they have links to suitable database and have well organized information according to disciplines/topics which reduces their searching time (Heterick (2002). The provision of electronic resources by university libraries will not only entail users visiting university libraries to access electronic resources but more so, the provision of internet services that enable library users to access the library resources anywhere and at any time (Dadzie, 2005).Nnamdi Azikiwe University is one of the renowned and fast growing universities in Southeast Nigeria. Recently, there has been increasing effort and investment by the university’s management to improve quality of learning and general academic performance across various programmes of the university which include diploma, Continued Educational Program (CEP), Undergraduate and Postgraduate. It will worthwhile to know the extent the provision and utilization of electronic resources is considered relevant in the achievement of these goals across these different academic programmes. Hence, this study will examine the extent of availability and utilization of electronic resources in the institution in Nigeria: A study of Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State. 1.2 Statement of problem In developing countries there is increasing need to enhance the quality of education and academic performance at the university level through the provision of some form of robust informative resources. Electronic resource is one of such

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