MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF FARM WORKFLOW USING TIMED COLOURED PETRI NETS BY A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING OCTOBER, 2025 CERTIFICATION This project is submitted to the department of Computer Engineering Technology of the Federal Polytechnic, Offa in accordance with the requirement of the award of Higher National Diploma. It has not been submitted for any other degree or diploma of any examination body. DEDICATION This project is dedicated to God Almighty and to our parents. ACKNOWLDEMENT We reserve all praise, honour and thanks to God Almighty who granted us wisdom, knowledge and understanding in course of our studies in Federal Polytechnic, Offa, also in writing of this project work. Furthermore, we thank our project ……………….., the Head of Departments and other lecturers in the department for their scholarly inputs. We say may Almighty God bless you all. Lastly to all our friends both in school and outside school, we record our appreciation. May Almighty God bless you all. Amen ABSTRACT Agriculture being one of the most important bedrock of the society contributes to the societal development and growth. Most existing works modelled the sequential flow of agricultural process, which does not implement how agricultural machineries and equipment can be shared between farmers to further increase production rate. Hence, this research developed a model of farm workflow with inclusion of machinery and equipment sharing policy. Four different farmlands from National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) idofian, kwara state each of the size of 1 hectare were used as a case study for this research work. The data collected for the for farmlands showed the operating time for each farming operations and the waiting time after it. For the first farmland clearing operation spanned for a period of 1.03hrs and waiting time of 10.00hrs, 1.12hrs and 10.00hrs for land 2, 1.20hrs and 10.00hrs for land 3 and 1.30hrs and 10.00hrs for the fourth land. This also goes for other farming operations till the last one which is planting. The model abstracted the workflow of the various agricultural processes required for maize plantation starting from clearing till planting with their annotated processing time and idle intervals. A second scenario was abstracted improving on the real system using HTCPN, which allows for the release and sharing of the farm machinery to another farmland when the previous farmland goes idle. This depicts the tractor sharing policy. These two scenarios were simulated, the first scenario simulates a particular farmland following the ideal farm work flow with both the operating time and waiting time. The transition ‘start clearing’ is first enabled and fired which started the farming operation clearing for a period of 1.03hrs until the end of the clearing operation when the tractor and the land goes idle for a period of 10.00hrs, then the operations after this follow the same sequence and the flowtime for the first farmland is collected. This process is then repeated for the other farmlands. The second scenario is done by modelling two farmlands together whereby when farmland 1 finishes its clearing operation after 1.03hrs it releases its tractor to farmland 2 to perform its own clearing operation for a period of 1.20hrs instead of going idle, this is repeated for the remainder of the operations and the flowtime is collected. The developed HTCPN model was validated by carrying out a statistical analysis (T-Test) between the simulated and the real time for the workflow order of 5% level. The simulated results of the developed HTCPN model revealed that the total operation time of both farmlands in the first scenario is 14.97hrs and together with the waiting time it makes 69.97hrs and using the second scenario the total operation time for both the farmland is 13.58hrs which is a drastic reduction in time. The validation of the developed HTCPN model showed there is no significant differences between the simulated and real time for workflow using the sharing policy. This research developed a model of farm workflow using tractor sharing policy as a basis. It could serve as a reference model for studying the workflow using numerous farm machineries. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title pagei Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Abstract v Table of Contents vii List of Tables x List of Figures xi CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study 1 1.2Statement of Problem 2 1.3Aim and Objectives 3 1.4Scope of the Study 3 1.5Significance of Study 3 CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 History of Petri Nets 4 2.2Petri Nets 6 2.3 Hybrid Petri Net 6 2.4 Discrete and Continuos Petri Nets 7 2.5Properties of Petri Net 8 2.5.1Liveness 8 2.5.2Safeness 8 2.5.3Boundedness 8 2.6 Modelling Tools 11 2.7 Timed Coloured Petri Nets 12 2.8 Modelling of Farm Workflow with view to tractor sharing policy using HTCPN 13 2.9 Maize Farming 14 2.9.1 PH Level of the Farmland 14 2.9.2 NPK Level of the Land 15 2.9.3 Clearing 15 2.9.4 Ploughing 15 2.9.5 Harrowing 15 2.9.6 Ridging 16 2.9.7Planting 16 2.9.8Spraying 16 2.9.9Weeding 16 2.9.10Harvesting 16 2.10Workflow 17 2.10.1Process 17 2.10.2Planning and Scheduling 17 2.10.3Flow Control 18 2.10.4In Transit Visibility 18 2.11Performance Analysis 18 2.11.1Simulation Based On Performance Analysis 19 2.11.2Monitors 19 2.12Cpn Models 19 2.12.1Reasons for Modelling 21 2.12.2Places, Transition, Tokens and Arcs 21 2.12.3Techniques to Analyze Models 23 2.13Concept of Timed Coloured Petri Nets 24 2.14Related Works 25 CHAPTER THREE:METHODOLOGY 3.1The Modelling Approach 27 3.2Description of Case Study 28 3.3Data Collection 28 3.4Development of HTCPN Model for Farm Work Flow on Farm Lands 29 3.5Simulation and Validation of the Developed HTCPN Model 32 CHAPTER FOUR:RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1The Developed HTCPN Model 52 4.2Simulation Result of the Developed HTCPN Model 52 4.3The Tractor Sharing Policy using Timed Coloured Petri Net 49 CHAPTER FIVE:CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1Conclusion 59 5.2Contributions to Knowledge 59 5.3Recommendation 60 REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 3.1Input Data of the real model 33 3.2 Input Data of Farmland1 and Farmland 2 42 3.3Input Data of Farmland 3 and Farmland 4 46 3.4Place Name, Type and their functions 50 3.5Transition Name, Type and their functions 51 4.1The real and simulated results for tractor sharing policy operation time (hr/ha) 57 4.6Summary of Statistical Analysis of the Validation Resultsof the Developed Model 58 LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1Diagram of Liveness 9 2.2Diagram of Boundedness 10 3.1The flowchart of farm workflow 31 3.2The developed model showing farm work flow processes 34 3.3The clearing operation ofthe farm workflow processes 35 3.4The ploughing operation of the farm workflow processes 36 3.5The harrowing operation ofthe farm workflow processes 37 3.6The ridging operation of the farm workflow processes 38 3.7The planting operation ofthe farm workflow processes 39 3.8The spraying operation ofthe farm workflow processes 40 3.9The weeding operation ofthe farm workflow processes 41 3.10The HTCPN model depicting the tractor sharing policy between farmlands 43 3.11The HTCPN sub-moduledepicting the tractor sharing policy in farmland 1 44 3.12The HTCPN sub-moduledepicting the tractor sharing policy in farmland 2 45 3.13The HTCPN model depicting the tractor sharing policy between farmlands 47 3.14The HTCPN sub-moduledepicting the tractor sharing policy in farmland 3 48 3.15The HTCPN sub-moduledepicting the tractor sharing policy in farmland 4 49 4.1Showing the real data of farmland 1 and farmland 2 54 4.2showing the real data of farmland 3 and farmland 4 55 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of study Farmers in general find proper scheduling of farm work process a tedious one. With the thought of variability of weather, inconclusive forecasts, what
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